UPSC Mains-2023 – General Studies 1 Trend Analysis

UPSC Mains-2023 – General Studies 1 Trend Analysis

No.	Question	Why UPSC Asked this question?
01	Explain the role of geographical factors towards the development of Ancient India. (Answer in 150 words) 10	Favorable Geography: Ancient India’s development was significantly influenced by its geographical location—bounded by the Himalayas to the north, the Indian Ocean to the south, and fertile river valleys like those of the Indus and Ganges, providing rich resources for agriculture. Natural Barriers and Isolation: The Himalayan ranges acted as a natural barrier, protecting early civilizations from invasions, while the coastal plains facilitated maritime trade and cultural exchanges with other ancient civilizations. Water and Soil Resources: The availability of water resources and arable land allowed agriculture to thrive, supporting large populations and promoting urbanization, which became the foundation of powerful kingdoms and prosperous trade networks.
02	What was the difference between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore in their approach towards education and nationalism? (Answer in 150 words) 10	Gandhi’s Approach: Mahatma Gandhi emphasized basic education rooted in self-reliance, advocating for Nai Talim, focusing on practical skills, moral development, and an inclusive vision of nationalism based on Swadeshi and non-violence. Tagore’s Approach: Rabindranath Tagore, on the other hand, believed in a more liberal, holistic education, promoting creativity, individual freedom, and a deep connection with nature and humanities. He established Shantiniketan, where learning was free from colonial constraints. Nationalism: Gandhi’s nationalism was focused on self-rule, rooted in rural India, while Tagore’s vision of nationalism was more cosmopolitan, emphasizing cultural unity and a universal human spirit beyond political boundaries.
03	Bring out the socio-economic effects of the introduction of railways in different countries of the world. (Answer in 150 words) 10	Economic Growth: The introduction of railways significantly boosted trade and industrialization, leading to economic growth, the expansion of markets, and greater accessibility to resources. Social Changes: Railways facilitated migration, urbanization, and the emergence of a middle class, altering social structures by connecting rural areas to urban centers. Cultural Exchange and Connectivity: Railways improved interregional connectivity, enabling cultural exchange and the spread of ideas, while also fostering national unity in countries like India and the U.S.
04	Discuss the consequences of climate change on the food security in tropical countries. (Answer in 150 words) 10	Crop Yields Decline: Climate change causes extreme weather events, like droughts and floods, leading to reduced agricultural productivity, particularly in tropical regions dependent on rain-fed agriculture. Increased Vulnerability: Food systems in tropical countries become more vulnerable, as rising temperatures and unpredictable rainfall patterns affect food availability and prices. Threat to Livelihoods: The negative impact on agriculture and fisheries threatens the livelihoods of millions, exacerbating poverty and malnutrition among rural populations dependent on these sectors for survival
05	Why is the world today confronted with a crisis of availability of and access to freshwater resources? (Answer in 150 words) 10	Over-exploitation: Excessive extraction of freshwater for agriculture, industrial use, and urban consumption has led to the depletion of groundwater and surface water sources, creating shortages. Pollution: Increased industrialization and urbanization have caused significant pollution of freshwater bodies, reducing their availability for safe drinking and irrigation. Climate Change: Climate change has altered rainfall patterns, resulting in droughts, floods, and unpredictable water availability, making it harder to manage water resources effectively.
06	How are the fjords formed? Why do they constitute some of the most picturesque areas of the world? (Answer in 150 words) 10	Formation: Fjords are formed by the submersion of glacial valleys due to rising sea levels after glaciers retreat, resulting in deep, narrow inlets surrounded by steep cliffs. Geological Features: The dramatic cliffs and clear waters of fjords are shaped by glaciers, creating a landscape that is visually stunning and unique to high-latitude coastal regions. Aesthetic Appeal: The contrast between steep mountains and calm waters, combined with lush greenery and scenic vistas, makes fjords some of the most picturesque natural formations in the world.
07	Why is the South-West monsoon called ‘Purvaiya’ (easterly) in Bhojpur Region? How has this directional seasonal wind system influenced the cultural ethos of the region? (Answer in 150 words) 10	Name and Direction: The South-West monsoon is called ‘Purvaiya’ in the Bhojpur region because it originates from the eastern direction (Purva meaning east) before bringing moisture from the Bay of Bengal. Cultural Influence: The seasonal winds shape local agricultural practices, with farmers relying on the monsoon for crop cultivation such as rice, and it influences festivals and traditional practices tied to the harvest season. Societal Impact: The Purvaiya winds are not only vital for farming but are also woven into folk traditions, songs, and rituals, reflecting their deep connection to the region’s cultural identity and economic rhythms.
08	Do you think marriage as a sacrament in loosing its value in Modern India? (Answer in 150 words) 10	Changing Social Norms: In modern India, marriage as a sacrament is increasingly losing its traditional value due to evolving social norms, with many opting for live-in relationships or delayed marriages. Individualism & Economic Factors: Financial independence, personal aspirations, and the rise of individualism have made people view marriage more as a personal choice rather than a societal or religious obligation. Emerging Trends: While marriage retains cultural significance, the influence of western values, rising divorce rates, and changing gender roles indicate a shift from its traditional sacramental status, focusing more on companionship and compatibility.
09	Explain why suicide among young women is increasing in Indian Society. (Answer in 150 words) 10	Social Pressures: Increasing pressure to conform to societal expectations related to marriage, career, and family roles is contributing to emotional distress and mental health issues among young women. Economic Dependency: Financial dependence, lack of career opportunities, and limited autonomy often exacerbate feelings of helplessness and isolation, particularly in rural areas. Gender Inequality & Abuse: High incidences of domestic violence, gender-based discrimination, and societal stigma against women contribute to emotional and psychological trauma, leading to increased vulnerability to suicide among young women.
10	Child cuddling is now being replaced by mobile phones. Discuss its impact on the socialization of children. (Answer in 150 words) 10	Reduced Emotional Connection: The shift from child cuddling to screen time affects the emotional bonding between children and parents, leading to weaker parent-child relationships. Impaired Social Skills: Increased mobile phone usage limits face-to-face interactions, resulting in poor development of social skills, communication, and empathy among children. Mental Health Issues: Overuse of digital devices leads to mental health challenges such as anxiety, depression, and attention disorders, further hindering healthy social development.
11	What are the main features of Vedic society and religion? Do you think some of the features are still prevailing in Indian society? (Answer in 250 words) 15	Social Structure: Vedic society was based on a fourfold varna system (Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras), and the importance of family and clan. This system influenced the caste-based hierarchy that still prevails in India. Religion and Rituals: Vedic religion was polytheistic, with a focus on rituals and sacrifices performed by priests. The belief in karma and the reverence for natural elements like fire, earth, and sky still influences Hindu practices today. Continuing Influence: While the formal Vedic practices have evolved, the caste system, reverence for deities, and the focus on rituals remain important aspects of modern Indian society, often integrated into social and religious life.
12	What were the major technological changes introduced during the Sultanate period? How did those technological changes influence the Indian society?(Answer in 250 words) 15	Technological Innovations: The Sultanate period saw advancements in military technology, including the use of gunpowder, cannons, and firearms. Architecture flourished with the introduction of Persian and Turkish techniques like domes and arches. Agricultural Techniques: The introduction of new irrigation methods, such as the wheel irrigation system and Persian watermills, improved agricultural productivity, especially in arid regions. Social Impact: These technological changes contributed to the growth of cities, trade expansion, and the militarization of society. They also led to cultural fusion, as Persian and Turkish innovations influenced Indian architecture and administration, shaping the evolving socio-political landscape.
13	How did the colonial rule affect the tribals in India and what was the tribal response to the colonial oppression?(Answer in 250 words) 15	Impact of Colonial Rule: Colonial rule disrupted the tribal economy, as the British exploited forest resources and imposed land revenue systems. Tribals faced land alienation, forced labor, and destruction of their self-sustaining agricultural practices. Tribal Response: The tribals responded through rebellions and movements like the Santhal Rebellion (1855), Munda Rebellion (1899-1900), and Bhils Revolt (1818). They sought to resist land dispossession and exploitative policies, often resulting in violent clashes. Consequences: Despite these efforts, tribal resistance faced suppression by the British. The tribals’ struggle contributed to the formation of tribal rights movements, which later evolved into calls for autonomy and land reforms post-independence.
14	Comment on the resource potentials of the long coastline of India and highlight the status of natural hazard preparedness in these areas.(Answer in 250 words) 15	Resource Potentials: India’s long coastline of over 7,500 km is rich in marine resources, including fisheries, minerals, and seaweed. Coastal areas also have oil and gas reserves, while the proximity to shipping routes makes them key to maritime trade and economic activity. Natural Hazards: Coastal India faces risks from cyclones, tsunamis, and storm surges, with frequent occurrences of flooding and erosion. The states like West Bengal, Orissa, and Tamil Nadu are particularly vulnerable to these disasters. Preparedness and Response: The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) have initiated measures like coastal zone management, early warning systems, and disaster response drills. However, challenges remain in awareness and infrastructure for effective hazard mitigation.
15	Identify and discuss the factors responsible for diversity of natural vegetation in India. Assess the significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rain forests regions of India.(Answer in 250 words) 15	Factors Influencing Vegetation Diversity: India’s diverse natural vegetation is shaped by factors such as climate, soil type, topography, and rainfall patterns. Altitude and latitude also influence vegetation types, ranging from tropical rainforests in the south to alpine vegetation in the Himalayas. Significance of Wildlife Sanctuaries: Wildlife sanctuaries in India’s rainforests, such as those in Kerala, Karnataka, and Northeastern India, play a crucial role in biodiversity conservation. They protect endemic species, maintain ecological balance, and provide habitat for threatened animals like the tiger, elephant, and one-horned rhinoceros. Conservation and Tourism: These sanctuaries contribute to environmental education, scientific research, and ecotourism, which helps generate awareness and funds for conservation efforts. However, they face challenges like poaching and encroachment that require robust protection and management strategies.
16	Why did human development fail to keep pace with economic development in India? (Answer in 250 words) 15	Unequal Economic Growth: Economic development in India has been concentrated in urban areas, leading to regional disparities. Rural areas and marginalized sections, particularly SCs, STs, and OBCs, have been left behind, hindering inclusive growth and overall human development. Lack of Focus on Social Indicators: While there has been economic growth, issues like healthcare, education, poverty alleviation, and gender equality have not received equal attention. Basic services like nutrition, sanitation, and clean drinking water are still lacking for large sections of the population. Policy Gaps and Implementation Issues: Policies aimed at poverty reduction and human development have been poorly implemented. Corruption, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and political instability have hindered the effectiveness of welfare schemes and development programs, limiting their impact on quality of life for the masses.
17	From being net food importer in 1960s, India has emerged as a net food exporter to the world. Provide reasons. (Answer in 250 words) 15	Agricultural Reforms and Green Revolution: The Green Revolution of the 1960s, marked by the introduction of high-yielding varieties, chemical fertilizers, and modern irrigation techniques, boosted agricultural productivity, particularly in wheat and rice. This transformation helped India transition from a net importer to a self-sufficient producer of food grains. Government Initiatives and Support: The Indian government introduced various subsidies, minimum support prices (MSP), and investment in rural infrastructure, which helped farmers increase yields and ensured food security. Key programs like National Food Security Mission (NFSM) and Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana contributed to productivity growth. Export Promotion and Global Trade: The liberalization of the economy in the 1990s, along with improvements in transportation and logistics, facilitated India’s entry into global food markets. The country started exporting rice, spices, fruits, and vegetables, capitalizing on its diverse climate and growing agriculture-based industries, eventually becoming a net food exporter.
18	Does urbanization lead to more segregation and/or marginalization of the poor in Indian metropolises? (Answer in 250 words) 15	Social and Economic Segregation: Urbanization in Indian metropolises has led to the growth of segregated residential areas, with the rich living in gated communities and the poor being pushed to informal settlements or slums, often lacking basic amenities. This spatial segregation increases the gap between different income groups. Limited Access to Resources: The urban poor face marginalization due to limited access to quality education, healthcare, and employment opportunities, as they are often excluded from mainstream development. Their dependence on informal sector jobs leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and poverty. Policies and Governance Challenges: While urbanization brings economic growth, the inequitable distribution of resources, lack of affordable housing, and weak implementation of social welfare schemes contribute to the growing divide. Addressing inclusivity and access to basic services remains a critical challenge in achieving sustainable urban development in India.
19	Why is caste identity in India both fluid and static? (Answer in 250 words) 15	Fluidity of Caste Identity: Caste identity in India is fluid due to social mobility facilitated by modern education, urbanization, and economic opportunities. These factors allow individuals to transcend traditional caste boundaries and move towards different occupational roles or social spheres. Static Nature of Caste Identity: However, caste identity remains static due to deep-rooted social norms, traditions, and the hierarchical structure that often defines personal and social relationships. It continues to influence marriage, community life, and political affiliations, especially in rural areas. Dual Role of Caste: While caste may evolve in some contexts through economic empowerment and education, it still holds social significance in determining the access to resources, opportunities, and political power, making it both an evolving and restrictive force in Indian society.
20	Discuss the impact of post-liberal economy on ethnic identity and communalism. (Answer in 250 words) 15	Impact of Liberalization on Ethnic Identity: Post-liberalization, the economic reforms have led to increased globalization and urbanization, which have given rise to greater intermingling of diverse ethnic groups. This can sometimes blur traditional boundaries but also leads to the assertion of ethnic identities as people seek to protect cultural and social values. Rise of Communalism: The liberalized economy, by promoting economic inequalities and regional disparities, has sometimes intensified communal sentiments. In times of economic stress, marginalized communities may feel threatened, and this fuels communal tensions and the rise of identity politics. Economic Disparities and Communalism: Economic reforms have disproportionately benefited certain sections of society, which can lead to social alienation. The lack of equitable growth contributes to the marginalization of minority groups, further fostering communal and ethnic divides, as these groups are often targeted in socio-political discourse.

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